(Regular Sunnah Prayers and Optional Prayers (Nawaafil

Regular Sunnah Prayers

Note:

①Difference between schools concerning the number of prayer units of regular Sunnah prayers is possible.

②Performing regular Sunnah prayers does not substitute for making up for missed obligatory prayers.

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¨Regular Sunnah prayers are totally seventeen prayer units (Rakᶦaat):

*The two “Fajr” prayer units before morning prayer.

*Four prayer units before noon prayer and two units after it.

*Four units before afternoon prayer.                             

*Two units after sunset prayer.

*Three units after night prayer (one of them is performed as an odd prayer ‘Witr’).

●Umm Habibah (May Allah be pleased with her) the Mother of the Believers reported:

I heard the Messenger of Allah (P.P.B.U.H) saying: “If any servant (of Allah) prays for the sake of God twelve prayer units (Rakᶦahs) of voluntary (Sunnah) prayers every day, other than the obligatory prayers, Allah will build for him a house in Paradise.”

Reference: Sahih Muslim.    Book 6, Hadith 126

●It was narrated from Umm Habibah that the Messenger of Allah said, “Twelve prayer units, whoever performs them Allah will build for him a house in Paradise: 

four units (Rakᶦaat) before noon prayer (Dhuhr) and two units after it, two units before afternoon prayer (Asr), two units after sunset prayer (Maghrib), and two units before morning prayer (Subh).” 

Reference: Sunan AL-Nasaᶦi     Book 20, Hadith 204

●It was narrated from ᶦAᶦishah that the Prophet said, “The two (Sunnah) prayer units (before) the morning (the dawn) prayer are better than this world and all it contains.”

Reference: Sahih Muslim.    Book 6, Hadith 118

¨There is a prayer of two prayer units between the call to prayer (Adhan) and the second call to prayer (Iqamah).

●It was narrated from Abd Allah ibn Mughaffal that the Messenger of Allah said, “Between every two calls (Adhan and Iqamah) there is a prayer.” He said it three times, and on the third time he said, “For those who wish.”

Reference: Sahih Muslim.    Book 6, Hadith 368

●It was narrated from Anas ibn Malik (May Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah said, “The invocation made between AL-Adhan and AL-Iqamah is never rejected.”   

Reference: Riyad As-Saaliheen. The Book of Virtues. Hadith 1043

¨It is better to perform Sunnah Prayers at home.

●It was narrated from Ibn ᶦUmar that the Prophet said, “Offer some of your (Sunnah) prayers at home, and do not take your houses as graves.”

Reference: Sahih AL-Bukhari.  Book 8, Hadith 82

●It was narrated from Saᶦd ibn Ishaaq from his father that his grandfather said, 

“The Messenger of Allah performed sunset prayer (Maghrib) in the mosque of Banu Abd AL-Ashhal, and when he finished praying some people stood up to offer optional prayer. So the Prophet said, ‘You should offer this prayer in your houses.’”

Reference: Sunan AL-Nasaᶦi      Book 20, Hadith 3

●Zaid ibn Thabit (May Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Prophet (P.P.B.U.H) said, “O people! Perform your (voluntary) prayer at your homes because the best prayer of a man is the one he performs at home, except the obligatory prayer.”

Reference: Riyad As-Saaliheen. The Book of Vitues [AL-Bukhari and Muslim].

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What is the regular Sunnah prayer that follows Friday prayer?

It is known that Friday prayer is obligatory. It is of two prayer units which substitute for noon prayer (Dhuhr).

Shafii sees that Friday prayer to be valid, not less than forty men in addition to the leader must perform it. 

Ibn Hanbal and Abu-Hanifah see that three men in addition to the leader must perform it. 

Imam Malik sees that twelve men in addition to the leader must perform it.

As for the Sunnah of Friday prayer:

In Abi-Hanifah School, it is four prayer units and are performed after AL-Adhan and before the leader (Imam) ascends the pulpit.

In Shafii School, the Sunnah is four prayer units performed after Friday prayer. And this is according to tradition:

●It was narrated from Abi-Hurairah that the Messenger of Allah (P.P.B.U.H) said, “Whoever among you is to pray after the Friday prayer, then let him pray four.”

Reference: Jamiᶦ AL-Tirmidhi    Book 4, Hadith 36

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Optional Prayers= Voluntary Prayers= Nawaafil

Naafilah in Arabic Language means excess.

Nawaafil are legislated to compensate for under performance of obligatory prayers, as a praying person may get distracted or forget humbleness in his prayer. As a result, his prayer’s reward decreases.

 Notes about Nawaafil

1) In travel, it is permissible to pray without facing AL-Qiblah (Ka'bah direction) during the movement of the train, the ship, or the plane.

2) You can pray Naafilah while sitting when you get tired of standing up.

●Imran ibn Husain reported: “I had piles, so I asked the Prophet about the prayer. He said, ‘Pray while standing and if you cannot, pray while sitting and if you cannot do even that, then pray lying on your side.’”

Reference: Sahih AL-Bukhari.  Book 18, Hadith 37

3) Obligations and Nawaafil are specified, i.e., no one can innovate an obligatory or a Sunnah prayer.

As for this world transactions, you can innovate a good deed. 

For example: you can devote a day or a week for helping the poor, for a gathering of knowledge, or for studying the Holy Qur'an.

4) When you pray a Naafilah individually, you can prolong reciting the Qur'an, after reciting Chapter of the Opening, as you like.

But if you lead praying persons, you should commit to lightening.

●Jabir ibn Samurah reported: The Prophet ﷺ used to recite ﴾By the sky containing great stars﴿ , ﴾By the sky and the night comer﴿ , and similar Chapters in noon (Dhuhr) and afternoon ('Asr) prayers.

Reference: Sunan An-Nasa'i.  Book 11, Hadith 104

●Umm AL-Fadl reported: Allah’s Messenger came out to us with his head bandaged from his illness. He performed sunset prayer (Maghrib) reciting Chapter of Those Sent Forth (AL-Mursalaat).

Reference: Jami' At-Tirmidhi.  Book 2, Hadith 160

●AL-Bara' ibn 'Aazib reported: 

The Prophet recited ﴾By the fig and the olive﴿ for the night prayer ('Isha').

Reference: Jami' At-Tirmidhi.  Book 2, Hadith 162

◊ In optional night prayer (Tahajjud), the Prophet sometimes used to recite Chapter of the Heifer, and at other times he used to recite many Chapters.

Types of Nawaafil:

*Permanent Nawaafil.                           

*Nawaafil that performed in certain occasions.

*Specific Nawaafil (that a person performs individually, i.e., not in a group).

[1] Permanent Nawaafil:

□The mosque greeting prayer.              

□Ablution prayer.                   

□Forenoon prayer.

□Optional night prayer (Tahajjud).

□Odd prayer (Witr).

[2] Nawaafil that are performed in certain occasions:

□The prayer of circumambulation of AL-Kaᶦbah.

□The prayer of returning from travel.

□Rest prayer.                                                            

□The two festivals prayers.

□Rain invoking prayer.                                            

□Solar eclipse and lunar eclipse prayer.

□Funeral prayer.

[3] Specific Nawaafil (That a person performs individually, i.e., not in a group)

□Praises Prayer (Salat At-Tasaabeeh)             

□Guidance Prayer (Salat Al-Istikhaarah)

□Repentance Prayer (Salat At-Tawbah)

Read also
Permanent Nawaafil
Nawaafil performed in certain occasions
Specific Nawaafil

(Fasting (Saum

FASTING (Saum)

Fasting in Arabic Language means refraining.

The Blessed Virgin Mary (Maryam) said ﴾Indeed, I have vowed to the Most Merciful abstention, so I will not speak today to [any] man﴿ Chapter of Maryam.

As for Islamic legislation: It means refraining from fasting violators and lusts from emergence of dawn to sunset.

Provisions of fasting are various:

*Obligatory fasting.                 

*Sunnah or voluntary fasting.

*Disliked fasting.                      

*Prohibited fasting.                            

*Duty fasting.

 Duty fasting is added by the followers of Abu-Hanifah school, and it is performed as a vow or an expiation.

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[1] Obligatory Fasting: in the month of Ramadan

Its legitimacy:

Fast of Ramadan has been made obligatory in the month of Shaᶦban in the second year of Hijrah.

Fast of Ramadan must begin when: the new crescent is sighted after the sunset of the twenty-ninth day of the month of Shaᶦban.

Or, when the month of Shaᶦban is complete (thirty days).

● The Prophet said, “Start fasting on seeing the crescent (of Ramadan), and stop fasting on seeing the crescent of (of Shawwal), and if (due to clouds) the actual position of the month is concealed from you, complete the number (thirty days) of Shaᶦban.” [AL-Bukhari].

God says ﴾Whoever sights [new moon of] the month, let him fast it﴿Chapter of the Heifer.

Conditions that necessitate fasting Ramadan:

1) Being a Muslim. Shafii sees that if a Muslim reverted from Islam and then returned to it, he would make up for missed days of fasting Ramadan in the years which he had spent in apostasy.

2) Adulthood. But, boys and girls are commanded to fast at the age of seven, so as to get used to it.

3) Mindfulness. Who lost his mind would not fast.

Fasting obligations

1) Predominating the intention to fast before dawn by saying: “I have intended to fast this day with faith and seeking its reward from Allah.” or “I have intended to fast this month.”

Or, by action, when he eats pre-dawn meal (Sahoor).

− But in voluntary fasting, you can intend to fast at any time of the day before sunset, on condition that you have not done anything that is contrary to fasting, as eating, drinking, or lusts, thus the intention can be in the morning or at noon.

●It was narrated from Hafsah, the wife of the Prophet, that the Prophet (P.P.B.U.H) said, “Whoever did not intend to fast before dawn, then there is no fast for him.”

2) Abstaining from eating, drinking and lusts from emergence of dawn to sunset (the call to sunset).

Recommended things during fasting and in the month of Ramadan:

①Hastening fast-breaking and delaying pre-dawn meal.

●It was narrated from Sahl ibn AL-Saᶦidy (May Allah be pleased with them) that Allah’s Apostle said, “My nation will remain on the right path as long as they hasten fast-breaking and delay pre-dawn meal.” [The Two Scholars].

●It was narrated from Ibn ᶦAbbas that the Prophet (P.P.B.U.H) said, “Seek help by eating pre-dawn meal for fasting that daytime, and taking a brief rest (sleeping at midday) for praying at night.”

●It was narrated from Abi Saᶦid AL-Khudri that the Prophet said, “Pre-dawn meal is a blessing, so do not neglect it. Even if one of you drinks a draught of water, Allah and His angels will send blessings upon those who have pre-dawn meal.” [narrated from Ahmad ibn Hanbal].

②Giving up obscene words.

●Abu-Hurairah (May Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Messenger of Allah said, “Allah the Mighty and Sublime says: ‘Every act of the son of Adam is for him, except fasting which is (exclusively) for Me, and I will reward him for it. Fasting is a shield. If anyone of you is fasting, he should neither use obscene words nor should he raise his voice in anger, and if anyone abuses him or quarrels with him, he should say: ‘I am fasting.’” [AL-Bukhari].

●It was narrated from Abi-Hurairah that the Prophet said, “Whoever does not leave forged speech and acting according to it, then Allah is not in any need of him leaving his food and drink (i.e. Allah will not accept his fasting).” [AL-Bukhari].

③Having dates in fast-breaking.

●It was narrated from Salman ibn ᶦAmir that the Prophet (P.P.B.U.H) said, “When one of you breaks his fasting, let him break it on dates for there is blessing in them; if he does not have any, break his fast with water for it is pure.” [Abu-Daoud and Tirmidhi].

④Investment of both night and daytime of Ramadan.

Ramadan is a month in which merits are multiplied, so a Muslim must take advantage of it in every obedience that makes him closer to God, such as Qurᶦan reciting, remembrance of God, or giving alms, especially since there is the Night of High Esteem (Lailat AL-Qadr), which is better than a thousand months, in one of its last ten days.

●It was narrated from Abd-Allah ibn ᶦUmar that the Messenger said, “Search for the Night of High Esteem in the last seven days, or seek it in the last ten nights.” [Muslim].

●It was narrated from ᶦAishah (May Allah be pleased with her) that the Prophet said, “Seek the Night of High Esteem in the odd nights of the last ten days of Ramadan.” [AL-Bukhari and Muslim].

●It was narrated from Abi-Hurairah that the Prophet (P.P.B.U.H) said, “He who fasts during Ramadan with faith and seeking its reward from Allah, will have his past sins forgiven, and he who spends the Night of High Esteem in prayer with faith and seeking its reward from Allah, will have his past sins forgiven.” [AL-Bukhari and Muslim].

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[2] Voluntary Fasting (AL-Sunnah)

①Fasting six days in Shawwal, directly after the Festival of Fast-Breaking.

●It was narrated from Abi Aiyub AL-Ansaari that the Prophet (P.P.B.U.H) said, “Whoever fasts during the month of Ramadan and then follows it with six days of Shawwal will be (rewarded) as if he has fasted the whole year.” [Muslim].

●It was narrated from Abi-Saᶦid AL-Khudri that the Prophet said, “Whoever fasts a day in the way of Allah, Allah will separate his face (a distance of) seventy autumns (years) from the Hell.”   [The Two Scholars].

●ᶦAishah reported: Allah’s Apostle used to fast on the tenth of Muharram (ᶦAshuraa). Later when fasting the month of Ramadan was prescribed, he said about the tenth of Muharram, “It became optional for one to fast on it or not.” [Muslim].

②Fasting on Monday and Thursday every week.

●It was narrated from Abi-Hurairah that the Prophet said, “Deeds of people are presented (to Allah) on Mondays and Thursdays. So I like that my actions be presented while I am fasting.” [AL-Tirmidhi and AL-Nasaᶦi]. 
And in a narration: He said about Monday, “That is the day on which I was born and the day on which I received revelation.” [AL-Bukhari].

③Fasting on the three white days (AL-Ayaam AL-Bid) every Islamic month (13^th,14^th,15^th).

●Abdullah ibn ᶦAmr reported: Allah’s Apostle was informed that I have said: “By Allah I will fast all the days and pray all the nights as long as I live.” The Apostle said, “You cannot do that. So fast (sometimes) and do not fast (sometimes). Pray and sleep. Fast for three days a month, for the reward of a good deed is multiplied by ten times, and so fasting on three days a month equals fasting  a year.” [AL-Bukhari].

●Abu-Hurairah reported: My friend (the Messenger of Allah) has instructed me to do three things: Fasting three days every month, the two prayer units of forenoon prayer, and performing the odd prayer (AL-Witr) before sleeping.” [AL-Bukhari].

●Abu- Dharr AL-Ghiphary reported: The Messenger of Allah commanded to fast the three white days: The thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth and he said, “Fasting on them is (equivalent to) fasting a lifetime.” [AL-Nasaᶦi].

④Fasting on the Day of Arafah (the ninth of Dhu al-Hijjah) for non-pilgrims.

●It was narrated from Abi-Qatadah that the Prophet (P.P.B.U.H) said, “Fasting the Day of Arafah, I hope from Allah, expiates (the sins) of the year before and the year after it.” [AL-Bukhari].

⑤Fasting possible days of the month of Muharram.

●It was narrated from Abi-Hurairah that the Prophet said, “The best month for fasting after Ramadan is Muharram, and the best prayer after the prescribed prayer is the prayer in the middle of night.” [Muslim].

⑥Fasting possible days of the month of Shaᶦban.

●ᶦUsamah ibn Zaid said: “I said: ‘O Messenger of Allah, I do not see you fasting any month as much as Shaᶦban.’ He said, ‘That is a month to which people do not pay much attention, between Rajab and Ramadan. It is a month in which deeds are taken up to the Lord of the worlds, and I like that my deeds be taken up when I am fasting.’” [Abu-Daoud and AL-Nasaᶦi].

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●ᶦAishah reported: The Messenger of Allah used to fast to such an extent that we thought that he would never break his fast, and he would go without fasting to such an extent that we thought he would never fast. And I never saw the Messenger of Allah fast for a complete month except for the month of Ramadan. And I never saw him fast in a month more than he did in the month of Shaᶦban. [The Two Scholars].

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[3] Disliked Fasting

1) Fasting on the doubtful day (the 30^th of Shaᶦban) is disliked, except when it coincides with a habit like fasting on Monday and Thursday, and one of these days coincides with the 30^th of Shaᶦban.

●It was narrated from ᶦAmmar ibn Yasir that the Prophet said, “Whoever fasts the doubtful day, he has then disobeyed Abu-AL Qasim (the Prophet).” [Abu-Daoud, AL-Tirmidhi, and AL-Nisaᶦi].

− If a Muslim fasted on this day with the intention of volunteering, or hesitated between volunteering and fasting on the first day of Ramadan, then it turned out to be the first day of Ramadan, his fasting would be invalid and he would have to make up for that day. Thus, there is no need for this confusion.

− It is important to note that it is impermissible to fast one day with two intentions. 
For example:

You cannot fast on the Day of Arafah with the intention of volunteering and the intention of making up for a missed day simultaneously.

2) Fasting on any of Friday, Saturday, or Sunday alone, except when any of them coincides with a habit like fasting on the three white days (13^th, 14^th, 15^th).

●Juwairiyah bint AL-Harith, the Mother of the believers, said that the Prophet visited her on a Friday and she was fasting. He asked, “Did you fast yesterday?” She said, “No.” He asked, “Do you intend to fast tomorrow?” She said, “No.” He said, “In that case, give up your fasting today.” [AL-Bukhari].

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[4] Prohibited Fasting

1- It is prohibited for a menstruating woman, or a woman in confinement period to fast.

Her fasting would be disobedience. She would make up for these missed days of fasting (menses or confinement days), even if she fasted on them.

2- Voluntary fasting is prohibited for a woman if her husband is present, unless she asks his permission.

●It was narrated from Abi-Hurairah that the Prophet (P.P.B.U.H) said, “No woman should fast when her husband is present (in the house) but with his permission. And she should not admit any (Mahram) in his house, while he (her husband) is present, but with his permission.”          [The Two Scholars].

3- Fasting on both of the Festival of Fast-Breaking and the four days of the Festival of Sacrifice is prohibited. Both of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal and Abu-Hanifah excluded the pilgrim who performs pilgrimage and the minor pilgrimage (ᶦUmrah) separately (Tamattuᶦ) and the pilgrim who combines ᶦUmrah and pilgrimage from this prohibition.

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Things disliked during fasting:

1) Tasting food with tongue, unless it is necessary to do so. For example: If a wife is cooking food, she can taste its salinity to avoid her husband’s anger.

2) Chewing something like gum.

3) Introductions to sexual intercourse or emission of semen, due to difficulty of controlling it.

 He whose fasting became invalid for any reason, he would abstain from food for the rest of the day and not speak out his fast-breaking, out of respect for the holiness of Ramadan.

Things that make a fasting person break his fast and make fasting invalid:

1) Things that reach the belly or the head from a natural orifice as mouth, anus, using dropping into ear, eye, or nose.

2) Masturbation (wank), or semen emission after sexual desire.

3) Sexual intercourse.

4) Discharge of menses or confinement blood.

5) Loss of mind.

Read also

Seclusion (I'tikaaf)

Some of fasting provisions

   

(FRIDAY PRAYER (Salat AL-Jumuᶦa

FRIDAY PRAYER (Salat AL-Jumuᶦa)

It is a different, not shortened prayer. You must perform one prayer unit, at least, to make it valid.

If you missed the second prayer unit, and came after the leader had raised from bowing down, your Friday prayer would not be valid and you should perform the noon prayer (four prayer units) instead of it.

Its provision:

It is an individual duty on every male Muslim.

Its legitimacy:

It has been made obligatory in Makkah in the Night Journey of Prophet Muhammad from Makkah to Jerusalem and his Ascent to the Seventh Heaven, along with the five prayers, but the Prophet has performed it only after migration. 
He did so because one of its validity conditions is that being in public and in a group, and circumstances in Makkah did not allow that. 
The Prophet performed the first Friday prayer at the entry of AL-Madinah among the members of Salim ibn ᶦAouf tribe, after several days of his arrival in AL Madinah.

God says ﴾O you who have believed, when [AL Adhan] is called for the prayer on the day of Jumuᶦah [Friday], then proceed to the remembrance of Allah and leave trade. That is better for you, if you only knew﴿Chapter of Friday. Verse NO 9

●Ibn Masᶦud reported: The Prophet said about people who are absent from Friday prayer: “I was about to command a person to lead people in prayer, and then burn those who absent themselves from Friday prayer in their houses.” [Muslim].

Conditions of its obligation

Islam, adulthood, mindfulness, maleness, residence, and healthy body.

Conditions of its validity

1) Number of praying persons must be forty resident males.

2) It must be performed at noon.

If one of the two previous conditions was not met, it would be performed, instead, as a noon prayer (four units). It must not be performed by following the radio or T.V.

Its obligations and pillars

1- Two speeches before prayer. The leader stands during them, if possible, and sits between them.

2- Two prayer units.

*The first speech must include praising God, saying “Pray and peace be upon His Messenger.”, recommendation of God fear and reciting some of the Holy Qurᶦan.

*The second speech must include what previously mentioned in the first speech, in addition to invocation for believers.

*An orator must be male, and if he is exhausted after delivering the two speeches, another person can lead people in the prayer.

●Ibn ᶦUmar said that the Messenger of Allah used to deliver two speeches on Friday and sit down between them. [AL-Bukhari and Muslim].

Sunnah practices on Friday (Sunan AL Jumuᶦah)

❶Bathing and applying perfume before going to the mosque. Also, trimming the nails, hair cutting, and wearing white clothes.

●It was narrated from Ibn AL-Sabbaq (May Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah said on a Friday, “Muslims! Allah has made this day a festival day, so take a bath and it will not harm whoever has perfume to apply some of it, and use a tooth-stick.” [Ibn-Majah].

❷Going early to the mosque.

●It was narrated from Abi-Hurairah that the Messenger of Allah said, “Whoever takes a bath on Friday, like the bath which is obligatory after sexual discharge and then 
goes (to the mosque), he is like one who offers a she-camel as a sacrifice to seek the pleasure of Allah, whoever comes in the second hour is like one offers a cow, whoever comes in the third hour is like one offers a ram with horns, whoever comes in the fourth hour is like one who offers a hen, and whoever comes in the fifth hour is like one who offers an egg. 
And when the prayer leader comes out (ascends the pulpit), the angels (who write the names of those who come to the mosque before the coming of the leader) close (their record) in order to listen to the speech.” [Muslim].

❸Listening carefully to the speech.

●It was narrated from Abi-Hurairah that the Messenger of Allah said: “When you tell your companion (on Friday) to be silent while the leader is delivering the speech, you are guilty of idle talk.” [Muslim].

❹The leader should shorten his speech and prolong the prayer.

●ᶦAmmar ibn Yasir (May Allah be pleased with them) reported: I heard the Messenger of Allah saying: “Prolonging prayer and shortening the speech indicate the religious knowledge of the person.  Make your prayer long and your speech short.” [Muslim].

❺Friday voluntary prayer (Sunnat AL Jumuᶦah) is after the obligatory Friday prayer, and it is four prayer units.

●It was narrated from Abi-Hurairah that the Messenger of Allah said: “When anyone among you performs prayer after the Friday prayer, he should pray four prayer units.” [Muslim]. 

❻Frequent invocation, alms, and saying prayers for the Prophet, as Friday is one of the great days.

●It was narrated from Abi-Hurairah that the Prophet (P.P.B.U.H) said, “The best day on which the sun has risen is Friday, on it Adam was created, on it he was made to enter Paradise, on it he was expelled from it. And the Hour will occur on no day other than Friday.” [Muslim].

●Abu- Hurairah reported: The Messenger of Allah said while talking about the merits of Friday, “There is an hour (opportune time) on Friday and if a Muslim gets it while praying and asks something from Allah, then Allah will definitely meet his demand.” And he (the Prophet) pointed with hand to indicate that this period of time is very short.

●It was narrated from Aus ibn Aus (May Allah be pleased with them) that the Prophet said, “Among the best of your days is Friday. So, on that day pray (invoke many blessings) for me, for such prayers are displayed to me.” [Abu-Daoud].

❼It is not permissible to perform optional night prayer on the night preceding Friday, or fast on Friday, as it is considered a festival.

●It was narrated from Abi-Hurairah that the Prophet (P.P.B.U.H) said, “Do not choose the night preceding Friday among all other nights for performing optional night prayer (Tahajjud), and do not choose Friday among all other days for fasting, unless it coincides with the days one regularly fasts.” [The Two Scholars].

●Abu- Hurairah narrated that: The Messenger of Allah said, “None of you should fast on Friday unless he fasts before it, or he fasts after it.”

Excuses which allow absence from Friday prayer

Extreme hot or cold weather, illness, and fear for honor and body.